The question is, of
course, is not serious. It illustrates
an important point. Whatever else it is,
an abortion is the killing of a child, usually with the consent of the mother,
and often of the father.
Some people think that
it’s okay to have an abortion because the unborn baby is merely a mass of
cells. Apparently, they think that the
massy blob of cells magically becomes a baby when it is born. Because of modern technology, we can now see
that the unborn baby is much more than just a blob of cells; it has a human
structure from the beginning. This has
affected some people’s thinking on the issue. However, even if it were the case that unborn
babies were just a mass of cells that magically transformed into a baby at
birth, this would not change the fact that this human being is someone’s child.
Others seem to think
that it is okay to have an abortion when the baby is young, but at some point,
it becomes murder and should be banned. Indeed, many people believe this.
Well, I will argue that
because the baby is a human being and the child of the mother and father, it is
wrong to kill him/her at any time.
It is sometimes argued
that killing an unborn baby is not homicide, because it is not a person. Whether that is true or false depends upon how
the word “person” is defined. If we take
the view that a person is someone with the ability to reason, then unborn
babies, born babies at the earlier stages of development, some people in comas,
and people in an advanced stage of Alzheimer’s are not persons. If we count a person as being a member of the
human species that is in the normal process of development, then our unborn
babies are persons. But whether we count
an unborn baby as a person or not, it is indisputably a human being.
With the “not a person”
argument, the question then becomes, “at what stage is a human being considered
a person? Therefore, up to which point
would it be morally permissible to kill a human being?”
A “human being” is
different from merely being human. A
person’s hair is human, as is a skin tag. Every cell in a human being’s body is human. But the individual cells are not human beings.
When the abortion
controversy began in earnest about 65 or so years ago, it was sometimes said
that abortions would be legal only in the so-called hard cases, like deformity,
rape, and so on. Some years later, it
was sometimes said that it would be legal only during the first months of
pregnancy, and that no one was thinking about making it legal in the later
months. At present, abortion on demand
is legal in some states, until the moment of birth. Once the principle is established that it is
okay to kill an innocent human being, it becomes increasingly difficult to
declare a definite time for when it is wrong to kill.
When thinking about
abortion, people seem to have one of two different intuitive reactions to it. One is to think that the unborn baby at some
stage is not developed enough, and that therefore there is nothing morally
wrong in killing it. People with this
intuition consider themselves “pro-choice.” Many of this group would agree that at some
point in the pregnancy, it becomes morally wrong to kill the unborn baby. Others will perhaps think that there is no
wrongness in killing delivered infants up to some stages of development after
birth.
People with the other
intuitive reaction are known as anti-abortionists, or pro-lifers. They believe that the baby in utero is a human
being and that, therefore, it is morally wrong to kill him/her no matter what
his/her state of development is, except perhaps for some extreme set of
circumstances, in which case it is at best just the lesser of evils.
It cannot be that both
intuitions are right. Either the
pro-choice stance is wrong, or the pro-life stance is.
There may be two
different strategies that the pro-abortionist may take in attempting to justify
killing unborn babies. One is to say
that the more developed a baby is, the less plausible or acceptable it is to
kill it. The other approach is that
there is some point of change in the baby that justifies the permissibility of
killing it. Neither argument succeeds.
Regarding the first,
the general idea is that a human being’s value increases with development. As a newly fertilized egg, it has low value. The value increases with the growth of the
baby, becoming more valuable as the fetus grows and develops, until the point
at which it is born. The value increases
in life, until in old age, when it decreases as the person loses different
abilities. Thus, we see a demand for
abortion, killing unborn babies, and euthanasia — the killing of old people and
the seriously ill and handicapped. This
is reminiscent of Hitler’s extermination of the infirm and handicapped.
There are, clearly,
several problems with this view. Here, I
wish to show that there is a confusion of “value” as it relates to the
intrinsic value of a human being. First,
even granting for the sake of argument that people gradually accrue some sort
of value with development and the gaining of abilities, there is, in a deeper
sense, the value that they have from being human. Each person is still one being, one human
being, from beginning to end. How does
one determine the notion that, at some point in this growth, there is a time
when killing this human being is morally permissible? Simply put, one can’t. Some countries or states have laws that permit
abortion up to a certain period, like 5 months or some other gestational age. Yet assigning such a time element is
arbitrary. For example, take 5 months. The day before the 6-month mark, the baby is
just as much a living human being as he/she is one day later. At this one point, this one day, the situation
passes from permissible homicide to impermissible. Just the passage of time and the growth of the
individual give no clue as to when the “value” changes such that terminating a
life becomes murder. It is absurd to
say, for example, that at 3 months and 16 days it is okay to kill the baby, but
at 3 months and 17 days it is not. Even
if there were some such time, it is impossible for us to know it, and hence all
such permissions and restrictions are arbitrary. At every stage of development, the baby is
still a human being and the mother’s and father’s child.
Some advocates of the
permissibility of abortion say that at some point, the baby has some attribute
that is a dividing line between abortion’s being morally permissible or not. Allowing abortion up to the moment of birth is
the same state of affairs. A baby an
hour before birth is not essentially different than a baby one hour after
birth. Yet in some areas, such as
Michigan, it is lawful to kill the unborn, yet killing it after it is born is
first-degree murder. This thinking
apparently makes sense to some people. Nevertheless, here we also see a movement to
legalize infanticide, at least in some cases. Regardless, in all these cases, what is being
done is the deliberate destruction of a human being.
Suppose one takes the
view that it is morally acceptable to kill an unborn baby up to one point in
development, where some sort of change occurs. When is the stopping point, and how can one
know what it is? Several other defining
qualities have been proposed besides “reason.” One is viability — that it is wrong to kill
the baby only when it can live outside the womb. Besides the fact that determining if a baby
can survive outside its mother’s womb is dependent upon the technology
available, there is no reason for viability to be the stopping point. What does this have to do with whether or not
the baby is a human being? The
definition of being human does not depend upon being able to survive on one’s
own.
The baby’s life is on a
continuum, where there is steady growth. At any point where there is a change in the
being of the baby, it is still on a continuum of life. Even when a major change occurs in the
development of the baby, it is still the baby, a living human being, that is
undergoing the change.
Another idea is that
abortion is permissible until the time that the baby becomes conscious. However, we do not know when consciousness
exists in an unborn baby, though at some stage of development, consciousness
seems obvious. Besides the fact that we
do not know when the baby becomes conscious, and may never know, why is
consciousness the stopping point for permissible abortions? The question of relevance is still there. This is like the notion that abortion is only
wrong if the baby can reason. The
question is, why is being conscious, at whatever level, the key to permissible
abortion? How do we know that the baby
has or has not some level of consciousness after conception? Nowadays, it seems
that panpsychism, the view that fundamental physical objects are conscious, is
becoming more popular. If an electron or
a quark can be thought of as being conscious, why not an embryo? Indeed, the embryo seems much more plausible.
There is no necessity
in drawing the dividing line at “consciousness,” any more than “reason” as the
dividing line. Whatever state the unborn
baby is in, it is still that person. Human
beings are creatures made up of a body and mind, or soul. Our bodies are part of who we are.
It seems quite
plausible that reacting to feeling pain shows consciousness. Unborn babies are seen on ultrasound to avoid
the probes during abortions. They
evidently feel pain. However, even if
there were no signs that the baby feels pain, this does not mean that he/she
doesn’t feel pain, or that it is completely unconscious. It is strange that there is uproar over
cruelty to animals, or using fetal pigs for science classes, but many of those
same objecting people feel nothing is wrong with terminating a human life in
utero.
Other proposed points
fare no better. No matter what, an
unborn baby is still a human being, and a child with two parents. Already in the DNA, there are many genes
determining the child’s personality, what color hair he/she will have, his/her
ability to play sports, or to do mathematics. Yes, the environment certainly has an impact
too, but environmental factors work on what is there in the genes.
We are all conceived
with inborn capacities. It is a tragedy
that for many, their capacity will never be realized.
Rev. Dr. Kenneth L.
Beale, Jr.
Chaplain (Colonel-Ret),
U.S. Army
Pastor, Ft. Snelling
Memorial Chapel